Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Profile

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Profile Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is one of Howard Gardners nine multiple intelligences. This intelligence involves how well an individual controls her body in terms of physical activity and/or fine motor skills. People who excel in this intelligence typically learn best by doing something physically as opposed to just reading and answering questions. Dancers, gymnasts, and athletes are among those that Gardner sees as having high kinesthetic intelligence. Background Gardner, a developmental psychologist  and Harvard University education professor, decades ago developed a theory that intelligence can be measured in many ways other than simple IQ tests. In his seminal 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences  and his update, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons, Gardner laid out the theory that paper-and-pencil IQ tests are not the best ways to measure intelligence, which can include spatial, interpersonal, existential, musical and, of course, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.  Many students, however, do not perform to their best ability during pen and paper tests. While there are some students who function well in this environment, there are those who do not. Gardners theory unleashed a firestorm of controversy, with many in the scientific - and specifically psychological -community arguing that he was merely describing talents. Nevertheless, in the decades since he published his first book on the subject, Gardner has become a rock star in the education field, with literally thousands of schools taking up his theories. These theories are taught in nearly every education and teacher-certification program in the country. His theories have gained acceptance and popularity in education because they argue that all students can be smart or intelligent but in different ways. The Babe Ruth Theory Gardner  explained bodily-kinesthetic intelligence by describing the story of a young Babe Ruth. Ruth was playing catcher, although some accounts say he was just a spectator standing to the side, at St. Marys Industrial School for Boys in Baltimore. He was only 15 and laughing at a bumbling pitcher.  Brother Matthias Boutlier, a true mentor to Ruth, handed him the ball and asked if he thought he could do better. Of course, Ruth did. I felt a strange relationship between myself and that pitchers mound, Ruth later described in his autobiography. I felt, somehow, as if I had been born out there. Ruth, of course, went on to become one of sports historys greatest baseball players, and indeed, perhaps historys top athlete. Gardner argues that this kind of skill is not so much a talent as it is an intelligence. Control of bodily movement is localized in the motor cortex, Gardner says in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and  with each hemisphere dominant or controlling bodily movements. The evolution of body movements is an obvious advantage in the human species, suggested Gardner. This evolution follows a clear developmental schedule in children, is universal across cultures and thus satisfies the requirements of being considered an intelligence, he says. People Who Have  Kinesthetic Intelligence Gardners theory can be connected to differentiation in the classroom. In differentiation, teachers are encouraged to use different methods (audio, visual, tactile, etc)  to teach a concept. Using a variety of strategies is a challenge for educators who use different exercises and activities in order to find ways a student will learning a topic. Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to solve problems.  But, whatever you call it, certain types of people have a great intelligence or ability in the bodily-kinesthetic area, such as athletes, dancers, gymnasts, surgeons, sculptors, and carpenters. Furthermore, famous people who have displayed a high level of this kind of intelligence include former NBA player Michael Jordan, the late pop singer Michael Jackson, professional golfer Tiger Woods, former NHL hockey star Wayne Gretzky and Olympic gymnast Mary Lou Retton. These are clearly individuals who have been able to do extraordinary physical feats. Educational Applications   Gardner and many educators and proponents of his theories say there are ways to foster the growth of kinesthetic intelligence in students by offering the following in the classroom: including role-play activitiesusing manipulativescreating learning centers having students create models when appropriateacting out literature or readingsmaking a video presentation for the class All of these things require movement, rather than sitting at a desk and writing notes or taking paper-and-pencil tests. Conclusion Gardners bodily-kinesthetic intelligence theory says that even students who do not ace paper-and-pencil tests can still be considered intelligent. Athletes, dancers, football players, artists, and others can learn effectively in the classroom if teachers recognize their physical intelligence. Differentiating instruction for bodily-kinesthetic learners offers an effective means to reach these students who may well have bright futures in professions that require a talent for controlling body movements. Other students will benefit from the use of movement as well.

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes - Essay Example Nonetheless, no process is without a flaw; and many take advantage of this fact to steal from individuals and organizations that engage in e-payments. Despite all efforts of the government to restrain cyber crimes, and of information technology specialists to fortify domain firewalls, anxieties related to online transactions are mounting, and in a way, adversely affect international marketing endeavors. I. E-payment and Cybercrimes Electronic payments â€Å"refer to the systems and strategies required to enable the actual disbursement of funds electronically. It is concerned not only with the electronic transactions themselves, but also with the infrastructure required for billing and buyer authentication† (Botha and Geldenhuys, 2004, p. 67). The funds may be in the form of electronic checks, credit cards, purchasing cards, and electronic cash (Rainer and Cegielski, 2007). Authentication typically involves the username and password tandem, although other institutions support e xtended verification systems. For instance, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) provide internet bankers with security device, while Emirates NBD incorporate the CHIP and PIN technology in all debit accounts. A team of researchers from Indiana University and Microsoft Corporation reported that major e-payment systems, e-retailers and e-commerce platforms have system security software glitches that can be abused by illicit websites to divert payments, or obtain goods for free or at reduced prices (Demery, 2011). Meanwhile, the Internet Fraud Complaint Center in the United States receives 200,000 consumer complaints per year, with securities and commodities fraud encompassing 16 percent (Miller and Jentz, 2009). Banks that rely heavily on online operations are at risk of losing profits as consumers also lose confidence on the security of online banking, specifically electronic payment of bills. Yet, although perpetrators of cyber crimes generally victimize financial serv ice companies, the Anti-Phishing Working Group has recorded cases of attempts to exploit â€Å"social networking and gambling sites† as well (CIO, 2007, p.36) II. Cyber Crimes in Hong Kong The Census and Statistics Department reveals that 76 percent of households in Hong Kong have computers, 73 percent of which maintains broadband connection; and about 63 percent of firms use personal computers, 98 percent of which do regular emails (Cagape, 2010). The figures clearly indicate that majority of the population in Hong Kong engage in online pursuits, and a significant portion of businesses are conducted via the internet. This alone leaves the country a viable target for cybercrimes. Speakers at the Information Security Summit 2008 reported an increase of 44 percent in hacking attacks in Hong Kong between January and October 2008, while the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) stated that during the same period, they have already dealt with 483 incidents of cyber crimes (Spam Fighter, 2008). Unfortunately, Hong Kong is also deficient in internet laws and certain websites are criticized for mediocre security features. Michelle Chan of Herbert Smith law firm observes that existing internet laws in Hong Kong are appropriate for misconducts in the early 1990s, but no further amendments were effected since then. On the other hand, this does not mean

Are cultures converging across the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are cultures converging across the world - Essay Example Its a process that has been talked about a lot in political and social circles, and on the media, for many years. In most cases, it seems to be concluded that this convergence of cultures is a necessary and unavoidable aspect of the future global environment. A lot of people have said globalization is evil because it increases the current inequality between nations by privileging the nations that behave like the United States and punishing those that try to hold onto their own cultures. It also threatens jobs and living standards for people in all countries either as the talent is pulled from each nation into a shrinking number of openings or as jobs are outsourced to areas that have lower living standards and therefore the people are willing to take lower pay. With the way these cultures are colliding, the natural social progress of every country has been affected. Even though it isnt likely that there is a way to stop this process or to reverse it, it is important to try to underst and how the individual nations and the people in them are changing in good ways and in bad ways to see that the cultures are collapsing. As it became easier and easier to communicate across very long distances and even share files and participate in live, face-to-face meetings with the use of two screens with the internet, businesses and organizations have forced cultures to come together. It is an important part of capitalism to try to increase the productivity of the company at the same time that it tries to reduce the amount of money spent to make that productivity happen. It is for this reason that many corporations have participated in the process of bringing cultures together. They will often outsource their production processes to countries where there are fewer restrictions and they can pay lower and sell the products to countries that have more money so they can charge more for it. â€Å"Global markets offer greater

The range of icongraphy used on mosaics in romano- british villas Essay

The range of icongraphy used on mosaics in romano- british villas during the 4th century AD - Essay Example 1 Introduction Much can be learned from the study of 4th Century Roman Mosaic iconography as it had traversed the Empire. The intent of the study is to show that Britannia was a vibrant Roman economic centre where mosaics were used in villas to show wealth, social standings and a mixture of religious beliefs whereas common conjecture had been that Britannia was a poor province of Rome . As Britannia flourished, as did the mosaic iconography which took on local elements or used Roman mythology adapted to local culture. Two time periods will be discussed in terms of the development of the complexity of the art: when mosaic iconography came to Britannia in the 2nd Century and the height of the artistic and economic era in the 4th Century. A presentation of the techniques used today in dating mosaic iconography will assist in comparing these two periods . The last part of the paper will show the importance of the different themes of the mosaics and the geometric patterns; and how they we re combined into intricate tile combinations. 1 The significant areas in England where they exist today will be shown. To conclude, it will be shown that the life and stands of the Britannia's Elite can be studied through the study of their Mosaic iconography. Based on research of 4th century A. D. art and architecture, figurative iconography was used across the Empire. Architectural structure and floor, wall and ceiling paintings and mosaics were influenced by the artists' use of pattern books without the artist every having seen actual statues or paintings. The presentation of these Graeco-Roman themes are necessary before analysing the influence they had on Britannia's culture. Thesis Question: How the Different subject matters used in Mosaic Iconography in Romano- British Villas in the 4th Century A. D show the beliefs, religion, and way of life of its occupants ? 2 Mosaic Interpretation with Local Cultures The Brading Villa mosaic pavement is considered a typical example of the level of Romano-British mosaics interpretation; it is damaged in situ. It is possible to establish that the level of design and craftsmanship is naive in comparison to the best of the Mediterranean mosaic record from the same period. For instance, based on the details in the British mosaics, it is clear that errors were made in transferring the traditional ideas onto the mosaics. The Rudston Villa, for example, contains an image of the God, Mercury, which had caduceus and leaves on his cap where he should have been holding the caduceus and the leaves should have been as ears.. On a side note, to some viewers, the leaves are confused with wings. However, Mercury’s wings are on the top of his head, between the two leaves. His wings are Mercury’s key identifier, which is why it does not make sense to depict him in this way.2 In giving the artist the benefit of the doubt, it is possible he or she was not well-versed in mythology; therefore, was unable to recognize the sig nificance of the imagery he was copying. Another explanation would be that the patron had asked to be portrayed as the chief element of the work and was chosen as a Mercury figure. However, before hastily judging the flaws in provincial iconography, it is

Media Essays Mass Media Society

Media Essays Mass Media Society Mass Media Society Abstract This paper shows the problems of mass media. Mass media is absolutely important for our life. However, as much as mass media plays an important role in our society, it causes some serious problems. Mass media makes citizens recognize misjudgments by distorting the truth. Most serious problem mass media can affect extreme power to our society. Mass media has been developed more and more as society has grown, becoming centralized authority in our society. Exaggerated contents of mass media affect bad sides to people-especially teenagers. Some people tend to believe mass media absolutely, so it is also becomes a problem. Television, internet, and advertising, nowadays, the most important medium of mass media brings some problems to each other, so these are issue in society which people have to solve. Mass Media Power The more society has grown, the bigger the market of mass media has been developed. Hibbert (2006) defined in the book the power of media that mass media is all part of television, radio, Web sites, newspapers, magazines and books. They deliver information to the public (p. 6). People can meet and understand their society through mass media. Before 1960s, mass media was not public. Some citizens could know how their society and economy were moved according to newspaper. Since 1970s when television was invented, the market of mass media has been developed. Now, most fields of mass media were created, so we can meet mass media really easily not only on the streets but also at home. We are living under the effects of mass media. However, this development of mass media brings some problems in our society as two sides of the same coins. Mass media crisis has rear up secretly because most media organizations do not want to be revealed to their problems frankly. Problems Mass media affects all fields such as politic, economy, government, culture and society. Almost all countries have their own problems of media. The most serious problem of that media is mass media can bring confusion of people value. For example, mass media is to make people agree their ideas or thoughts in terms of propaganda. The meaning of propaganda is â€Å"a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people† (Propaganda, 2008). Actually, this word was meaning of the things to be spread. However, now most people may know the word of propaganda is some information which is false or emphasizes one part of a situation, normally used by a government or political group according to Nazi propaganda (Bytwerk, 2005). Taylor (2001) revealed how Hitler implanted his ideology in their citizens: In 1933, Adolf Hitler appointed Minister for Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels had spread a lot of propagandas, contained the ideology of Hitler and Nazi. All journalists, writers, and artists were needed to register with one of the Ministrys subsidiary chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literature, or radio. The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Adolf Hitler was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during World War I and believed that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Navy in 1918. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated. Along with posters, the Nazis produced a number of films and books to spread their beliefs. (pp. 162-163) In the U.S. and South Korean government also by emphasizing red complex to their citizens through mass media like radio or newspapers, the governments make their citizens recognize the hostile attitude about all policies of socialism while they justifies their policies (Kang, 1997). These things are absolute examples of mass media’s problem. In addition, as market of mass media has been developed much, the authority of mass media has grown also. The power of mass media has been centralized too much, so it exercises extreme influence over any government. The contents of mass media have been contained exaggeration and violence more and more. This mass media makes people tend to believe absolutely. Mass media has strong authority in our society. Mass media became one most important way for people to deliver information since mass media has been developed. We can get a lot of information and knowledge easily through mass media like newspaper, magazines and books. Actually, there is no way for us to take new information except through mass media. Therefore, mass media could have great authority among our society. Television Television is one of the most important media of mass communication. Common people may watch television at least one hour every day. Some people usually meet news through television and others may want to watch dramas or variety shows. We can watch a lot of programs according to our tastes through television. Nielsen media research (1998) reported: â€Å"Television was introduced to the U.S.A. at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. After two years, the Federal communications Commission licensed and approved the first commercially available television stations. In 1950, about 9% of American homes had TV sets. Since 1985, television ownership has been about 98%† (cited in Bushman, 2001, p. 477). Since television was invented, media became very popular in our life. Now almost all families have television at least one at home. Television has developed since 1930th as amazing invention can give people a lot of information and enjoyment visually and audially both. Most Americans watch television for 3 to 5 hours per day (Horvath, 2004, p. 378). As much as television has become famous to people, it causes many problems too. The violence of television’s programs has very serious effects. In television programs, we can easily see a recurrence of a case. It causes imitative crimes. Brandon Centerwall (1993), a professor at the University of Washington reported that from 1945 to 1974, 93% of the murder rate has been increased. It shows that television teaches violence, and it also makes people be unconcerned about violence. It can also cause antisocial actions. Television can bring addiction, which is one problem appeared since mass media was developed. TV addiction is similar with other addictions like drugs addiction or gambling. Especially TV addiction is bad for children. â€Å"A child who watched two hours of television a day before age three would be 20 percent more likely to have attention problems at age seven compared with a child who did not watch television† (Christakis, 2004). Television programs are contained to the violent acts and sensational contents more and more by pursuing commercial value. Moreover, they also maintain that television is forcing simple thoughts. Television gives us a lot of information but they can just give that. Viewers just can accept television’s information we cannot communicate with television. It is sure that the invention of television brought great development in our society. However, as the market of broadcast has been bigger, programs in television has been contained more violence and exaggerated. These things give children and teenagers bad effects, so all broadcast need to adjust their program contents. Internet Thatcher and Goolam (2005) said in their journal: The number of people using the internet has grown exponentially since the emergence of World Wide Web about ten years ago. No one is exactly sure how many people have online access. According to NUA Internet Survey (2002), it was estimated the number of internet users is approximately 600 million people in 2002 (Nua Internet survey, cited in Thatcher Goolam, 2002, p. 767). The popularity of the WWW, combined with the pervasiveness of computer technology in general, means that people are becoming increasingly reliant on technology and the Internet to conduct their day-to-day and work activities. (p. 767) Although internet appeared as a new medium of media and it formed new society, internet is not mixed with society where we live, so it caused many problems. We can accept tremendous information via internet because people in all over the world could share their information on network. However, as much as there is a lot of knowledge, in internet there is also information not true and useless. Also, since internet was popularized, many illegal crimes have been happened through internet. These crimes committed through the use of computer are called cybercrime. Cybercrime is â€Å"a real and growing problem that costs governments, businesses, and individual computer users millions of dollars annually and that facilitates many of the same crimes committed in real space, such as identity theft and the trafficking of child pornography, only on a larger scale† (Jones, 2007). The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) revealed the U.S.A. lost about 240 million dollars from online crime during 2007: Financial losses from online crime reported to U.S. authorities reached a record high last year, topping nearly 240 million dollar. Taking into account unreported crimes the real figure is likely to be much higher. Auction fraud and other forms of cybercrime reported to the Internet Crime Complaint Center were up 40 million or 20 per cent from those reported in 2006. The IC3 received 206,884 complaints about internet crimes last year, more than 90,000 of which were referred to law enforcement agencies across the U.S. IC3, which serves as a clearing house for cybercrime, is a joint operation between the FBI and the National White Collar Crime Center. Although internet auction fraud was the most widely reported complaint to the IC3, other problem areas included non-delivery of purchases and credit card fraud. Computer hacking attacks spam and child abuse on the net formed the subject of other complaints. Commonly reported scams involved the purchase or sale of pets, cheque fraud, email spam, and online dating fraud. The report provides evidence that the U.K. is fast catching up with the U.S. in being a hotbed of cybercrime. Despite the fact that the IC3 study is supposedly a national US annual report, the UK is the source of 15.3 per cent of the crime reports, significantly ahead of other cybercrime hotspots such as Nigeria (Leyden, 2008). It is also commonly happened to be invaded person’s privacy and personal information on network. According to a survey of 1,000 U.S. adults conducted by TNS Sofres on behalf of digital-security company Gemalto (2008), about 60% of Americans are concerned about stealing their account passwords when they bank online, and 38% do not believe online payments (cited in Swartz, 2008). Advertising Advertising is a part of mass media. Market of advertisement has been developed as much as we can see an advertisement per one minute. Nowadays most products make up of advertisement because each product has to be sold in infinity competition society. Now customers live in the flood of advertising. From the moment of opening eyes to going to bed, people are connected with advertising through television, radio, newspapers, magazines and catalogs. Human Communication research (1998) shows one adult can contact to 3,000 advertising during one day and he or she can memorize just 10 out of 3,000 (cited in Kim, 2000, p. 54). The market of advertisements has been developed. However, the problem of advertisements are inherent in function of information, entertain and persuasion, so they may not only make people’s life style changed but also promote decadent culture like alcohol, cigarette and sex. Ellickson et al (2005) studied about how much advertising will affect to adolescents: Ellickson and other authors examine the relationship exposure to different forms of alcohol advertisingand subsequent drinking among U.S. adolescents and assess whether exposure to an alcohol and drug prevention program mitigates any such relationship. The sample includes 3111 seventh-graders drawn from 41 South Dakota middle schools, and they are exposed to television beer advertising, variables were constructed for four types of alcohol advertising television, in store displays, magazines and concession stands. The result of this experience is several forms of alcohol advertising predict adolescent drinking; which sources dominate depends on the childs prior experience with alcohol. Forty-eight percent of the non-drinkers in grade 7 qualified as past-year drinkers by the spring of ninth grade, indicating a substantial amount of initiation over the period examined. (pp. 235-246). Like this, advertising affects to people, especially adolescents a lot. Actually advertising has a great of influence on customers and society. For example, there is a study that skinny models in advertising cause eating disorder of women and girl, so some countries took measures to ban ultra-skinny models from their catwalks (Diderich, 2007). People can meet the extreme number of advertising everyday, so advertising has to be made without exaggeration and fiction. Janese Heavin (2007) who is the Tribune’s staff, wrote the article about a study: University of Missouri-Columbia research said that looking at pictures of flawless models in fashion magazines can make even the prettiest women feel downright crummy. Laurie Mintz, associate professor of education, school and counseling psychology in the MU College of Education said most women know intuitively or subconsciously that when they look at magazines they will feel badly about themselves. The study validates what women know in their own experiences but assume it is just theirs to deal with. Spearheaded by graduate student Emily Hamilton, who used the project to earn her master’s degree, the study asked 81 college women to rate how they feel about their appearance, from facial features to chest size. Some of the women were then asked to view magazine advertisements that used fashion models to sell products. Others looked at ads that showed products with no models. Those who saw the images of fashion models later reported having a more negative body image, regardless of their own attractiveness. This study shows women were equally affected by the images. It is been commonly believed that larger women or women struggling with eating disorders feel worse after seeing pictures of models, but the latest study indicates the images are bad for everyone. In conclusion, people have to be careful when accepting mass media’s information. There are not simple solutions to solve the problem of media. These problems of mass media like television, internet and advertising have bad effects on people especially the perfection of self during childhood. People should try to accept right information through mass media. Therefore, they need to improve critical thoughts for filtering correct acknowledge. Critical thinking might be helpful to accept which information is needed to us. Critical thinking is â€Å"mental processes of distinguish, analysis and evaluation. Critical thinking is a form of judgment, specifically meaningful and reflective judgment. Using critical thinking one makes a decision or solves the problem of judging what to believe or what to do, but does so in a reflective way† (Critical thinking, 2008). People have the right to criticize and punish media which is to destroy our emotion and ethics. People have to improve power of judgment. If people have ability to control information in this information-oriented society, they may have precedence over other people who do not have.

The Poverty of the Lakota People of South Dakota :: Poverty Essays

For the Lakota people of South Dakota, modern day capitalism is a frustrating network of impersonal commerce, resource and profit. Since colonialism, the global arena has replaced the values and needs of the Lakota with presupposed economic definitions of need, and has â€Å"forced deterioration of the traditional political system† existing in Lakota society (115). In the absence of traditional political organization and subsidence economy, the Lakota are impoverished and have little choice but to adhere to the economic prospects offered to them by the federal government. In doing so, Lakota people struggle with â€Å"economic opportunities† that damage community identity and marginalize their status in society. Economics greatly influences their own ability to shape their modern Lakota culture. As â€Å"economic opportunities† align to the mandates of the world economy and are determined by the culture and experience of the United States government, both Pine Ridge and Rosebud maintain distressing levels of poverty and unemployment. In direct response to demands of the world economy, Lakota industry exhibits a growing dependence on cash instead of land, and breaks down community identity (65). Wal-Mart and Safeway chains encumber the production of Lakota owned small business, and similar multinational business chains create limited market success. When a small business actually succeeds in surviving, competition immediately pops up and â€Å"neither [competing business] can make a living† on reservations (37). Attitudes towards successful Lakota entrepreneurs are often sour and unforgiving, as everyone else struggles to survive. However, Lakota people must engage in the economic venues opened to them by the federal government as a federally dependent nation. Factory and wage work make up the bulk of Lakota employment, as well as handicrafts catering to tourist tastes. Naturally, making â€Å"arrows, arrows every day† is â€Å"really boring† (21) for many Lakota, but risks of developing asthma, blisters, broken bones and severe burns in wage work is high. Over the years, the business propositions open to South Dakota Indians have included a â€Å"fishhook factory, moccasin factory, arrow factory and electronic circuit factory in Pine Ridge,† and the destructive nature of factory work threatened the physical health and well being of every individual fortunate to gain employment (18). As the majority of Lakota men and women are forced to seek work outside of the reservation, many parents abandon their families in cramped, over crowded housing units. As dependence on cash instead of land inc reases, and average job spans for Lakota men consist of 3.

Where is Croydon’s CBD?

A CBD is a central business district of a town/city. This is near to where the city first developed. The obvious characteristics of a CBD are many buildings grouped together. There will be many shops, restaurants and offices. Also there will be some pubs other high rise buildings and entertainment of some description (Cinemas, arcades etc). There will be a wide range of transportation that takes you into of very close to a CBD, in Croydon, trams, trains and buses all come into the CBD. There are also car parks in the CBD to allow access to cars. I expect the following things to be in or near Croydon CBD: * Offices * High rise buildings * Shops * Main roads * Tran stations/bus stations * Old houses * Factories I have shown where I expect Croydon's CBD to be on the base map. I have also chosen categories these categories are: * Retail outlets * Banks and financial services * Restaurants and fast food outlets * Public buildings/ offices * Recreational I have seen that the people driving cars are mostly from the south of Croydon and people coming by public transport are mostly from the north. Businessmen prefer to use their cars or a faster method of transport such as train to commute to work with. The poorer people from the north are mostly using public transport. Unit 2 The services around Croydon are unevenly spread throughout. There are three main shopping retail areas where many people come; these are, The WhitGift Centre, Drummond Centre, and North end/ High Street. I have shown on the map where these places are. Many people would agree that the WhitGift centre / North end are the centre of Croydon. The restaurants and food establishments are situated throughout the centre but the bigger restaurants are located in the south of Croydon. Other restaurants are along George Street and Surrey Street. Both have access via the car but only in the evenings. They also have reasonable access to public transport. Most offices are situated east of Wellesley Road. This is because most access from the south is more accessible on Wellesley road and the wealthy people will be coming from the south to work in the offices. The bigger eating restaurants are located towards the south of Croydon as well because the wealthier people want to eat out. The poorer people would cook their own food. The transport methods into Croydon are: Cars – they can park in the big car parks located towards the south. These car parks can be more easily access from the south because of the roads. If cars where to come from the North they would have to drive all the way down, past the car parks, onto the main road and then drive back up to the car parks. People from the south drive straight in. Train – Fairly even access for all areas. Buses – There are many bus routes to Croydon from the North. There aren't many from the South though only 1 comes to Croydon from Sandstead and 2 from Selsdon etc. there is a poor service of buses from the South. Unequal provision. Trams – Trams come from the areas which lack other modes of transport. New Addington and Wimbledon are good examples. The transport differs for a good reason. Cars come mostly from the wealthier people who can afford more who live in the south. Bus routes from the south are poor because of this. Wealthy people wouldn't want to come on the bus with other people so they would just drive into Croydon. The car parks are located to the south of Croydon and have easy access from roads coming from the south. This makes it easier for the wealthy people coming from the south to get into Croydon. The buses vary a lot because more people would come from the North because generally they are less wealthy and would need to use public transport they do not own cars. There are many more bus services running from the North so they can accommodate the people coming from the North. Overall the large number of bus services for some areas cancels out the lack of tram services in the same place. Thornton heath has 9 bus routes that will take you into Croydon but does not have any tram routes taking you to Croydon. Unit 3 The bigger retail outlets such as the WhitGift Centre and the Drummond centre have easy and fair access to all because it is in the centre of Croydon. However places where you can eat (restaurants and fast food shops) are spread unevenly throughout Croydon. Fast food shops are mostly found in the centre of Croydon and to the North. Main expensive restaurants and places where you can drink are located to the south of Croydon off the main roads. This allows for the richer south to drive straight in and eat food. The location of these restaurants also link in to the whereabouts of banks and building society's which are also located to the south, off of the main road. This is so that the wealthier south can drive in at night, park the car quickly just outside the bank, withdraw cash and spend it in the restaurant. The smaller fast food shops have been located in the middle of Croydon and towards the north because many shoppers will come into the shop and get food quickly because they haven't got the time and money to eat in a restaurant. In conclusion the retail shops are mostly situated evenly in the middle of the CBD. Restaurants are located more to the South of Croydon Banks and financial buildings are located off of main route ways and roads Offices are mainly located in the east of Croydon on Dingwall Road. I have also made maps to show routes of abled and disabled people to compare them to see if they are equal. The hypothesis does say that that it has equal access to all groups of people. Unit 4 The hypothesis says that Croydon has equal access to services from all groups of people. This means that all people can get to wherever they desire in Croydon as such. This means that it wouldn't matter if they are disabled or not, they can still get to the same place as an abled person. If you look back into unit 3 where I constructed the maps to show abled and disabled people's routes. My conclusion is that all people can get around Croydon pretty easily. Disabled people can get to the same destination but it might take a little bit longer. When you look at my work in unit 2 it shows that the provision of transport is unequal but the population of Croydon is also unequal. What we see in Croydon is an answer to that inequality because the different areas have allowed for different methods of transport.

Native American Poverty Essay

W. E. B Du Bois once stated â€Å"to be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships† (qtd. in Rodgers 1). The Native American culture is often overlooked by many people in the United States today. What many people do not realize is that about twenty-five percent of Native Americans are living in poverty (Rodgers 1). A majority of the poverty among Native Americans is due to the United States breaking treaties that promised funds for their tribes. When non-Native Americans first began migrating to North America, the Indians were slowly having their land stripped away from them, and being pushed to live on small, poorly kept reservations. As well as taking their land, non-Native Americans fought wars with the Indians, wiping out large numbers of their population (Jenkins A9). Living in poverty has caused many early mortalities, alcoholism and crime. Today the few Native American tribes that are still in existence have had enough. They are ready to take control and make their comeback, in hopes of preserving their culture and livelihoods (Gorospe 95). Several tribes have begun opening and operating their own casino resorts, some have failed, but several have been successful (Nykiel 51). President Obama has also been making promises of funds to the Native American tribes, hopefully these promises will be kept, and improve the Native Americans way of life (Nasaw 1). Native Americans are beginning to find the determination needed to make a comeback. Much of this determination in from anger, so much has been taken from them that their angry emotions towards the non-Native Americans is quite understandable. Land has been taken from the Native Americans, they have been forced to relocate several times. While relocating their economic resources are taken from them and they are not given any chance to provide for themselves. The reservations in which the Native Americans are forced to relocate to are hardly livable. Un-fair wars have been forced upon them and no respect has been shown to Native Americans (Jenkins A9). One main reason for poverty among Native Americans is the United States Government being unable to provide the billions of dollars that have been promised to Native American tribes. A leader from the Sioux tribe states that â€Å"they were riding to overcome the poverty, alcoholism and despair that had engulfed their people for more than a century, and said real healing would not be possible until the U. S. Government lived up to its treaty obligations† (Walsh 8). Native American reservations are small and isolated. The living conditions are poor due to the lack of money, so as a result this can cause many health problems for Native Americans. There are poor roads and no sidewalks, which makes it difficult to travel in and out of the reservation, so this would be a main reason for their isolation. No forms of public transportation are provided for the reservations since there is no money. There is no money for the Native Americans because the United States Government has not provided the funding that they have promised (Gorospe 96). Basically it is a domino effect that is not benefiting the Native American population in anyway. Before the Europeans migrated to America, Native Americans did not face many diseases. Post-arrival of the Europeans, diseases such as smallpox, influenza, measles, typhus, malaria, leprosy, and several others began to effect the Native American population (Grandbois 1002). Presently these diseases and many other disabilities can be one of the many reasons why Native Americans are in poverty. It is inconvenient for Native Americans to seek help when it comes to being ill, so a majority of the time they rely on natural cures or do not seek help at all. In many Native American cultures they live with their extended families who will provide the disabled member of the family with whatever tasks they are unable to complete, so many do not view themselves as disabled(Gorospe 96). As well as any other person, disabilities severely affect a Native Americans life. Having a disability or disease causes a person to be unable to work, so as a result this would cause a person to have less income and live in even more poverty than a fully able Native American. In an emergency situation it can be very difficult to seek help due to lack of transportation and isolation of the reservations, this can make it difficult for emergency vehicles to reach the reservations. In 1976 the Indian Health Care Improvement Act was passed. The act stated that Native Americans would receive the same forms of health care that all other Americans were receiving. In 1992 it was time for Congress to reauthorize the act, but they never did. Since this act has not been reauthorized many Native Americans health systems are out of date and in serious need of improvement. Once this act is reauthorized it will improve disease screening on reservations, provide funding to modernize Native American health facilities, and will also help the Native American population better understand ways to prevent illness and disease (Rodgers 4). Tom Rodgers states that If providing better health care to Native Americans during a time of Wall Street bailouts seems too costly, we should recognize that we currently spend thirty percent more per capita on health care in American prisons than on Native Americans, whose ancestors aided the Pilgrims, fed the soldiers freezing in Valley Forge, helped Lewis and Clark explore our nation, and proudly hoisted the flag on Iwo Jima (Rodgers 4). It is ridiculous that the Native Americans, who have helped many people, are put behind prisoners that have done wrong. Health care is one thing that should be offered to all no matter what their ethnicity is. Many Native Americans are unaware of opportunities that are available due to the isolation that they face on reservations. In 1992 only seventy-eight percent of Native Americans received a high school diploma. This makes Native Americans the least likely of all minority groups, besides Hispanics, to obtain a high school degree. One main reason for Native Americans being unable to obtain a high school diploma is having to leave school to get a job. If a member of their family faces an illness or disability that causes them to be unable to work, the younger members of the family are going to need to help provide for the family. In many cases there is not a disability or illness, Native Americans have very poor wages and are unable to survive on only two incomes. Only eleven percent of Native Americans continues on to college after high school and receives a degree. Being a minority student automatically gives Native Americans a disadvantage. Parents of minority youth tend to have lower levels of education, and this is directly linked to what kind of performance their child will have in school (Donelan 4). In 1995 Native Americans had an overwhelming rate of unemployment at thirty-two percent. Since Native Americans are likely to obtain lower levels of education this puts them at greater risk for unemployment (Marshall 3). In today’s society many occupations require some type of formal education. For many Native Americans the only option they have is to have a job rather than a career. Being isolated on a reservation causes. Native Americans to be unable to access many of the well-paying jobs that are offered to the non-Native American population. In 1995 an average annual income for a Native American household was ten-thousand dollars (Marshall 6). Many Native American households include extended families, so this would be the income to support a very large household. A few Native American tribes have begun opening casinos in hopes to become successful and keep their heritage alive. Foxwoods is the first Native American casino to be opened, it is also the most successful casino resort. Mohegan Sun, another casino resort, follows close behind Foxwoods in their success. Foxwoods casino was created to help save the Mashantucket Pequot Nation from having their reservation taken from them and turned into a state park. In 1992 Foxwoods Resort Casino opened creating nearly thirteen thousand jobs for members on the Mashantucket Pequot Nation and members of surrounding towns. Not only are the casinos benefiting the tribes, they are also benefiting the communities they reside in. Foxwoods has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars. The casino is also home to a Native American Museum that has become a leading cultural attraction in Connecticut. There are several other Native American owned and run casino resorts throughout the United States that have been successful such as: Mohegan Sun, Turning Stone in New York, Barona in California, Sac and Fox in Iowa, Silver Star in Mississippi, this is just to name a few. Casinos have helped pull many Native American tribes out of poverty and preserve their heritage through the decor of their casinos. There have been a few casinos that have failed due to poor locations, unrealistic expectations, unfulfilled promises, high debt to income ration, and poor management through the tribe’s members and the management companies hired to help. Now that many of these tribes are out of poverty they are using their income to create more opportunities for young tribal members. Many of their funds are being dedicated to education for all Native Americans, including college. Several scholarships have been created to ensure further education for those who seek it. Gaming has also created more opportunity to preserve their tribe’s history and culture (Nykiel 51-56) Even though Native Americans and non-Native Americans are on the same continent there are significant cultural differences that can create a barrier between the two different cultures. Non-Native Americans need to have a very strong drive to help Native Americans since there are so many barriers. The Native Americans being isolated on the reservations keeps the two different cultures apart. The fact that transportation from the reservation is very difficult to obtain causes Native Americans to be unwilling to make the effort to leave the reservations. Native Americans have very different beliefs when it comes to treating health problems. They also handle a person that commits a felony very differently than how non-Native Americans do. These differences can make it difficult for non-Native Americans to help the Native Americans, more training is required to be able to understand how the Native Americans react to some situations. Native Americans would rather have relationships with individuals than a group or organization, so one on one interaction is very important. Rather than Native Americans working with several different individuals it is beneficial to work with just one and form a relationship. Language differences also causes problems when seeking help from non-Native Americans. Some Native Americans speak English as their second language and feel comfortable speaking in their native language. There are many differences that non-Native Americans need to take into account before they can try and help Native Americans, sometimes a person is un-willing to take the extra effort to gain the knowledge needed to help the Native Americans (Gorospe 96). John F. Kennedy once stated â€Å"for a subject worked and reworked so often in novels, motion pictures, and television, American Indians remain probably the least understood and most misunderstood Americans of all†(Donelan 3). Although this is true, it also takes effort from non-Native Americans to try and communicate with the Native American culture. It cannot be assumed that if help is needed it will always be sought. Native Americans have had their economic resources taken from them by the non-Native American cultures, they have been driven off their land, and have been given no respect. Some Native Americans may be intimidated or un-trusting since the United States Government has broken so many treaties with them. The United States Government needs to make the effort to help the struggling Native American culture pull themselves out of poverty. President Obama has vowed to end the neglect of the past two hundred years that the Native Americans have endured. The Native Americans have given Obama the name â€Å"One who helps people throughout the land†. Obama has signed a memorandum that is stating that the government is to converse with the existing Native American tribes to try and assist them. President Obama has appointed an Indian from the Cherokee Nation to become an adviser on Indian issues, he has also appointed a member on the Rosebud Sioux tribe to be the head of Indian Health Services. Hopefully some progress will be made to help the existing Native American tribes become more prosperous in today’s society (Nasaw 1). Alcoholism has become a major problem in the Native American culture. Many people, not just Native Americans, view alcohol as an escape from their problems. The fact that a majority of Native Americans are in poverty and have very few opportunities offered to them has a lot to do with the problem of alcoholism on many reservations. To solve the problem of alcoholism, Native Americans believe in a sweat lodge ceremony rather than alcoholics anonyms meetings. A sweat lodge ceremony is used to obtain spiritual purification through prayer, many members of the tribe participate to try and purify the person (Donelan 2). Life on Native American reservations can be very violent. According to statistics from 1992 to 1996, one hundred and fifty Native Americans were murdered per year (Donelan 1). Native Americans have a large amount of anger towards the people that have caused them to be in poverty that they are releasing their anger and causing harm to their own people. Poverty among Native American’s is one of the most overlooked forms of poverty. Native Americans were the very last to be granted the right to vote, it is time for something to be done to change the way the Native Americans have been treated. Many people were unaware that November was Native American Indian Heritage Month and the day after Thanksgiving is Native American Heritage day (Rodgers 2). I am sure that nobody celebrated or gave thanks for the many sacrifices the Native Americans have made for the United States. Any problems Native Americans face can somehow be related to the fact that the United States Government was unable to follow through with their treaty to pull them out of poverty. It is a disgrace that the first human to walk on the continent of North America are known as the most neglected minority group in the country (Gorospe 95). [pic] Works Cited Donelan, Brenda. â€Å"The Unique Circumstances of Native American Juveniles Under Federal Supervision. † Federal Probation 63. 2 (1999): 68. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. . Gorospe, Martha G. â€Å"Overcoming Obstacles and Improving Outcomes. † Bilingual Review 24 (1999): 95. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. . 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